ABSTRACT
The early post-colonial period saw the establishment of widespread travel agency in Pakistan. By 1961, according to Baba Saud, agents and their representatives had reached even medium-sized cities and towns such as Faislabad. After the Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962, which saw the introduction of a voucher system that required prospective immigrants to have a sponsor already in Britain to arrange a job for them before they could enter, smuggling networks began to evolve into the highly developed and widespread business they are today. Colonial recruitment systems were thus displaced in the early post-colonial decades by a transcontinental business in brokerage connecting East Pakistan to the UK. The changing sociology of smuggling was bound up with fundamental geographic restructuring of the relationship between core European restrictive and general Afro-Eurasian peripheral economies. The most recent phase of 'globalisation' in Afro-Eurasia has witnessed increasingly supranational control of Europe's restrictive economy.
