ABSTRACT
The defeat of the kingdom of Granada by the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella in 897/1492, which completed the Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, had sent shock waves throughout the Islamic world and particularly in North Africa. In addition to the dangers of attacking Spain, the reality was that both Morocco and the Ottomans directly benefited from the Moriscos plight. Between the mid-ninth/fifteenth and the early eleventh/seventeenth centuries, a steady stream of Andalusians and Moriscos made their way into both empires. As for al-Andalus, the failure of the Ottomans and Sa'ds to make any headway in challenging Spanish dominance of the Iberian Peninsula demonstrated conclusively that Islamic Spain had become nothing but a memory by the end of the tenth/sixteenth century. The Portuguese observer does not appear to have had much knowledge of or interest in sharfian justifications for al-Manr's authority.
