ABSTRACT
This chapter summarizes the research findings by highlighting the key explanations for each outcome. It describes the distinction between the four outcomes of the disputes over genetically modified organism (GMOs). The chapter addresses the research questions by identifying the three main analytical factors that explain the variations in the outcomes, as well as the role of context conditions. This leads to the question regarding how the structural location of these countries in global commodity chains affect the structure of opportunities for social movements fighting GM crops. The chapter describes the different outcomes corresponding to bio-hegemony, bio-hegemony with mobilization, controversy over GMOs and dominance of GMOs. Among the urban-based professional NGOs, activists in both countries were embedded in transnational advocacy networks forming the global anti-GMO coalition in areas such as environment, agroecology and genetic resources, and consumer rights.
