ABSTRACT
Introduction Increasingly new, experimental and collaborative forms of governance are called for to solve complex social problems (Hartley et al. 2013). They illustrate a transition in service principles from universalism to particularism visible in the emergence of personalized and targeted services (Lember et al. 2015). In the prior 40-50 years, the welfare state has operated with a certain logic of universality – a concept that can be interpreted in many ways (Goul Andersen 2012) – making services available to the entire population or a large part thereof. Recently, however, there has been a shift away from rights to conditional support (for example, Dwyer 2004), facilitated by the diffusion of information and communication technology (ICT).
