ABSTRACT
Liberal policies of economic globalization were and are aimed at creating a 'borderless world' for capital — but not for labour. Global capital has no address, no country and no social responsibility. By contrast, people live in societies with specific geographic, historical and cultural characteristics and support systems that enable them to survive adversity and exercise collective solidarities to improve their lives. Development came on the agenda before the end of World War II in anticipation of the decolonization of Asia and Africa. Leaders of struggles to free the colonial world from imperialist control and refugee economists from continental Europe gathered in London, Cambridge and Oxford. Rising tides of anti-imperialist forces in Southeast Asia were engaged in struggles to free the region from Japanese occupation and attain political independence from British, French and Dutch colonialism. British India gained independence in 1947, tragically by the division of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan.
