ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the nature of translation, equivalence matters, and common problems of non-equivalence. It discusses six types of translation techniques: borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. Translation can be written or spoken. Spoken or oral translation is called interpretation. Jakobson discusses three types of translations. The first type is rewording or paraphrasing within a single language. The second type of translation is to transform a message from one kind of symbolic system to another. The third type of translation is interlingual translation – translating between two different languages. In the United Kingdom translation has been a continuous and integral part of foreign-language curricula, in the United States, the study of translation is rarely included in foreign-language curricula. Within communicative translation, time and origin are rooted in their own contemporary context. The criterion for evaluation is the accuracy of communication of the source text (ST) message in the target text (TT).
