ABSTRACT
Loaded weapons in rifles, strategically positioned larger weapons and soldiers ready to deploy on multiple sides from a potential further escalation does not engender human or health security in any setting. The instability in frozen conflicts may strip a region of health security for all inhabitants. Ukraine has battled with non-communicable disease (NCDs) through the post-Soviet and transitional period, as well as some infectious diseases. It is anticipated that non-communicable diseases will be the number one global health threat for the next half century. Herd immunity to many vaccine-preventable diseases is at critically low rates and have been well under 40-50 per cent for some vaccine preventable illnesses in Ukraine. Explosive remnants of war (ERW) and unexploded ordnance (UXO) will be a major health and environmental concern for the next three to four decades in Ukraine. Psychologists and volunteers working in the field are in need of training in psychological first aid and emergency related mental health issues.
