ABSTRACT
This chapter examines how the configuration of citizenship and belonging continues to take place after immigrants have established a presence in destination societies. It investigates the political dynamics through which immigrant-receiving societies define who belongs and on what terms. Citizenship and integration are complex terms with multiple meanings. Citizenship also conveys a sense of belonging in the political community, which, in the modern nation-state system, is commensurate with the national community. For Jews, spatial isolation in the ghetto generated distinctive cultural norms, skills, and community bonds that persisted over generations. Ethnic politics are seen to adopt more exclusionary policies towards immigrants, often restricting formal citizenship to those with blood ties to the national community. Concepts of race and ethnicity come up frequently in discussions of citizenship and integration. British multiculturalism, for instance, grew out of colonial policies that generally eschewed the assimilation of subject populations.
