ABSTRACT
The prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution is therefore critical for the long-term protection of marine ecosystems and key to improving the health of the oceans. Various human activities have, however, put the oceans and marine ecosystems at risk of irreversible damage. Initially the control of land-based sources of marine pollution occurred through the application of certain broad and general principles of customary international law. In 1996 a Protocol to the London Convention was adopted which enhanced environmental protection of the regime through the requirement of a precautionary approach. Protection and preservation of the marine environment in an integrated and sustainable manner has been enunciated in various global and regional forums, including the United Nations. The Rio Declaration is important in its identifying the key principles necessary for States to implement in their attainment of sustainable development. Several regional treaties address the issue of pollution from offshore oil and gas activities.
