ABSTRACT
In part due to the 1990s debate between positivism and postpositivism, the first two decades of the twenty-first century saw renewed calls in the academic literature for the use of democracy in policy analysis and public administration (e.g., Yang and Pandey, 2011; Nabatchi, 2010; Smith, 2010; Mizrahi, Vigoda-Gadot, and Cohen, 2009; Denhardt and Denhardt, 2002; Helling and Thomas, 2001; Weeks, 2000, Walters, Aydelotte, and Miller, 2000). All of this literature on democracy emphasizes a renewed call for engaging citizens, not at the end of the policy process, but from the beginning and throughout policy implementation and for seeking substantive outcomes in the use of democracy.
