ABSTRACT
This chapter deals with four forms of perceived deviance, whose importance and frequency waxes and wanes throughout key turning points in modern history. A focus on nonteleological thinking, deviance, and institutions brings Michel Foucault center stage. Part of the impetus behind an impressive record of innovation and organization laws involved the attempted elimination, control, and management of deviance. The first period of the seventeenth century was primarily concerned with behavioral deviance, even though articulatory, miasmic, and existential deviance were strongly present. This existential deviance had two dimensions, their relation to nature and to land as pastoralists and/or hunter-gatherers, and their heathenism. Existential, articulatory forms of deviance were in ample supply in the seventeenth century, but behavioral deviance troubled authorities the most. Two types of deviance have emerged, where rural cultivators have turned to the mass cropping of coca, hashish, opium, and marijuana and where they seek the assistance of armed bands.
