ABSTRACT
Cyber attacks have been targeted in support of propaganda campaigns targeting a growing list of countries’ political processes. Cyber conflict is almost ubiquitous in the world. It not only occurs frequently and with increasing intensity; it is diverse in how it manifests. Cyber-security, in the broadest possible terms, is about the security of socio-technical systems emerging from or impacted by the information revolution. Ronald Reagan’s interest in threats like the one outlined in War Games was the first time that someone at the head of government really gave serious thought to the notion that computer security might impact upon real national security imperatives. Beyond the kind of direct attacks on government control systems fretted about by Reagan, however, the period since the late 1980s has also seen the manifestation of an incredibly broad range of national security threats enabled in new ways by action taken online.
