ABSTRACT
Modern Turkey adopted a range of acts to modernise its politics, society and economy including civil equality for women, secularisation, and expanded state support for the sciences the Brotherhood set out to define a new, or rather old, form of life as constituting a truer form of Islam. With the Communist International seeking to spread the gospel of class consciousness across the globe and unemployment rising sharply after the end of the First World War in many nations. In 1924, Virginia passed its Racial Integrity Act which required the mandatory distinction of race at birth, with divisions into just two categories: white' and non-white'. This legislation was predicated on the one-drop' principle. As Gregory Holmes Singleton has observed, this found general expression in orthodox religion, esoteric sects, labour-based brotherhoods, and a host of organizations ranging from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association.
