ABSTRACT
This chapter provides an overview of China's foreign policies toward India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. It analyzes critical aspects of China's relations with South Asia, focusing upon trends in the security and economic arenas. A prevalent phrase reflecting the Indian view of China in the 1950s was "Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai", meaning that Indians and Chinese are brothers. China condemned the Indian tests and criticized Pakistan's ensuing nuclear tests. China stressed that both India and Pakistan had undermined the international nonproliferation regime, and both should sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) unconditionally. China's economic success since it began "reforming and opening" in 1978 set a positive example for India. During the Cold War and the 1990s, China maintained a close relationship with Pakistan to India's dismay. China has had historical problems in politically and culturally integrating the Uyghurs, and the proximity of Xinjiang to Muslim Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics has complicated the issue.
