ABSTRACT
In 1878, Great Britain intervened in the Near East to defend the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, menaced by the treaty of San Stefano. Russia, exhausted by her effort and unable to fight another war, agreed to the revision of the treaty by the Congress of Berlin. In 1895 Russia, France, and Germany intervened in the Far East to defend the integrity of the Chinese Empire, menaced by the treaty of Shimonoseki. Russia and France immediately, and Germany two years later, made China pay a larger price than the loss of Liao-tung peninsula would have been. In the successful encroachments of France, Russia, Germany, and Great Britain, and in the demand of Italy, which had been put forward at Peking in brutal and undiplomatic manner, Prince Tuan had full proofs of European intentions. Japanese and Russians lived on the country, and finally made peace with each other, disregarding China and dividing between themselves one of her largest and richest provinces.
