ABSTRACT
Climate change poses serious threats to urban infrastructure, quality of life, and entire urban systems. Not only poor countries, but also rich ones will increasingly be affected by anomalous climate events and trends. Sea level rise and frequent flooding have also caused the spread of climate-sensitive diseases such as cholera, affecting large numbers of communities in densely populated areas of the city. Global sea level rise projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the 21st century vary from 20 centimeters to more than a meter. The effects of climate change on infrastructures are not limited to changes of weather, but include changes in behavior, demographics, population growth and economic environment. Innovative responses and a holistic understanding of urban infrastructure design and security in cities can enhance the resilience of nations regardless of the severity of climate change impacts.
