ABSTRACT
Developing scientific explanations is heavily reliant on the capacity to propose conceptual models. Because scientific investigations and experiments are so dependent upon bias-free data, care must be exercised to preserve the objectivity of observations and evidence. Central to contemporary views of science education is the activity of developing scientific explanations that consist of claims, evidence, and reasoning. Evaluating is the most sophisticated of the science activities and involves analyzing one's own investigations but also critique of others' work via argumentation. Participating in the culture of science encompasses students doing experiments, conducting investigations, engaging in science practices, and learning how to use language throughout all of these endeavors. The culture of science represents unique ways of interacting with the world and communicating ideas with others. There are many values embedded within the science culture, and making those explicit to students is essential for developing their scientific literacy.
