ABSTRACT
In part due to the 1990s debate between positivism and postpositivism, the first decade of the 21st century saw renewed calls in the academic literature for the use of democracy in policy analysis and public administration (e.g., Denhardt and Denhardt, 2002; Weeks, 2000, Walters, Aydelotte, and Miller, 2000; Helling and Thomas, 2001). For example, Public Administration Review dedicated seven articles on citizen participation and governance in its March/April 2007 issue. All of this literature on democracy emphasizes a renewed call for engaging citizens, not at the end of the policy process, but from the beginning and throughout policy implementation.
