ABSTRACT
The Pratyabhijñā school of nondual Kashmiri Śaivism, created by Utpaladeva (c. 900–c. 950 CE) and Abhinavagupta (c. 950–c. 1025 CE), was the most salient philosophical tradition to emerge from Hindu tantra. The Pratyabhijñā epistemology interprets the God Śiva’s emanation and control of the universe through his power and consort Śakti as self-recognition (ahampratyavamarśa, pratyabhijñā), which transcendentally grounds human knowledge. The ontology conceives being or existence (sattā) as constituted by God’s action (kriyā). Other noteworthy features of the Pratyabhijñā are theorization on the relation of philosophical rationality and religion, the semantics and syntax of agency and indexicals, philosophical psychology, and epistemic diversity.
