ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the evolution of neoliberal development theory and
practice, its manifestations and impact on the political economy of the state, domestic
classes, and the material conditions of populations in emerging economies. Specifically, the
article focuses on the modes of resistance to the rollout of neoliberal development practice by
citizens, civil society, and NGOs, and, in turn, the responses of international financial
institutions such as the World Bank-a process that we argue has forced the reinvention and
transformation of neoliberal development policy. Furthermore, we attempt to situate the
evolution of neoliberal development policy and the changing modes of resistance to it within
a theoretical framework that explains emergent class and material interests in the context of
the increasing functionality of pro-market agendas to modes of accumulation that benefit
discrete elite and class interests but which also generate substantial and ongoing contradictions.
Introduction
