ABSTRACT
This chapter is divided into five sections. First, it presents the concept of basic norms and review the international relations literature on norms, norm change, and development, ending up with constructivism. Then it proceeds with a critique of constructivist theory on norms, norm change, agency, and autonomy in international organizations, showing some of its shortcomings. Third, it outlines the linked ecologies theory framework, which draws on constructivism, the sociology of professions, and practice theory. Fourth, it revisits the concept of 'arena' in international relations, asking whether and how it can be adapted to incorporate non-state actors. Finally, it draws a few conclusions. This chapter looks at how norms and norm change have been theorized within various schools in international relations, ranging from realist to rationalist to constructivist approaches. Constructivist theories presented here support the view that, in the area of peacekeeping, the United Nations (UN) qua bureaucracy and qua a professional organization can act autonomously.
