ABSTRACT
Planning for the smart city requires understanding current urban patterns and broad agreement on social purpose to navigate contested land use conflicts. Archaeological and architectural monuments in the city manifest complex layers of Istanbul's diverse heritage. Since the 1960s, Istanbul heritage has been under continuous pressure from urban migration and consequent rampant development. In the historic quarters of Istanbul, seismic socio-demographic changes have weakened cultural bonds. Housing and development pressures also impact the Istanbul Sea Walls, which are among the primary components of archaeological heritage and engage with the historic urban landscape of the city. Istanbul Sea Walls have testified to all the development stages of the city beginning from its establishment as a Greek colony in the seventh century BC until reaching its final limits as the capital of the East Roman Empire in the fifth century AD.
