ABSTRACT
This chapter demonstrates that in order to understand European politics, it is necessary to look beyond political parties and also consider the role of the various social movements. Social movements of the New Radical Right are mainly anti-immigration movements. European business leaders are increasingly receptive to environmental concerns, accepting the principle that environmental costs of production be added to the selling price of products. Expressed in technical economic terms, this means that external environmental costs are internalized into the selling price. More recently, some social movements have become much broader in scope, such as the Occupy movement and the Anti-Austerity movements in Spain and Greece, some of which have developed in political parties such as Podemos in Spain and Syriza in Greece. The women's movement points to many sexist remarks in the long history of European philosophers, poets, and writers.
