ABSTRACT
In the ecological literature, resilience and related concepts are conceptualized in a number of ways according to the different disciplines, contexts and scales. Resilience is variously defined as resisting change (Holling, 1973; Timmerman, 1981), bouncing back (Walker et al., 2004), or transforming (Paton & Johnston, 2006) in response to environmental or social perturbations, or even a combination of these (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2002). Consistent with the view that it is transformative and/or adaptive, resilience is also viewed as a process (Norris, Stevens, Pfefferbaum, Wyche, & Pfefferbaum, 2008).
