ABSTRACT
In the early 21st century, the smart cities concept has gained a lot of attention, and cities are actively developing strategies toward the goal of becoming "smart". A smart city is understood as a new concept of partnership and governance in which all tiers of government must increasingly collaborate with one another as well as with nongovernmental organizations of various kinds to pursue their goals. The smart city concept has been defined from three main positions: the techno-centered approach, the human-centered approach, and the integrated approach. In any case, the integrated approach to smart city highlights governance shared among stakeholders and institutional factors. In a smart city, steering can be performed directly by the local government, be performed jointly with others actors involved in the smart city, or incorporate self-steering by parties outside the local government. On the other hand, boundaries typically occur in complex combinations and are central to the administrative process.
