ABSTRACT
In 1922, the revolution of Mustapha Kamal, the National Turkish Assembly issues an edict requiring the separation of the sultanate from the Caliphate. This edict is accompanied by a manifesto entitled 'The Caliphate and the People's Power', published in both Arabic and Turkish. The first radical expression in the Arab countries following Kamal's overthrow of the Ottoman Government was shaykh 'Ali Abd al-Raziq's book on the Caliphate. The new movement born in response to Ali Abd al-Raziq's provocative claims, goes back to shaykh Muhammad Rashid Rida, who is the great advocates of traditionalism as salafiyyah. He himself described al-Raziq's book as one that constitutes 'a last attempt on the part of the enemies of Islam to weaken this religion and divide it from within'. The ideas of Hasan al-Banna and Abd al-Qadir Awdah represent the primary sources for this understanding of Islam as a political system; very little has been contributed by writers in the twenty years.
