ABSTRACT
The impacts of urbanization occur at extremely low levels of urban land cover, and result in urban streams and rivers which are in general homogenous channels with simplified, generalist ecosystems. This chapter focuses on restoration in developed countries, however, it is worth noting that although developing countries in general retain a larger proportion of their river networks in good condition, the pace of degradation is rapid. The importance of catchment-scale processes in shaping the behaviour of river systems is a central tenet of fluvial geomorphology. Many authors stress the failure of restoration projects to address the main causes of degradation. Community participation is now recognized as an essential element in restoration projects. Different stakeholders may have different views of what a restoration project should achieve, and including these in project design is an important part of ensuring acceptance and long-term sustainability. The monitoring and appraisal of restoration has traditionally been poor, despite early calls to do so in the literature.
