ABSTRACT
John Wisdom's concept of the fundamentals of rational thinking expressed in his remark that 'at the bar of reason always the final appeal is to cases'. Kuhn agree is evident in sharp rejection of the idea that theory-choice decisions are determined by logic and observation alone. Commensurability is preserved by the actions and discussions of individuals concurring in the idea that comparabilities and differences between cases must constrain judgment. John Wisdom's is impressed by the fact that one cannot understand rational justification in its final stages unless one understands the role of particular cases in reasoning. Kuhn agree is evident in his sharp rejection of the idea that theory-choice decisions are determined by logic and observation alone. James, Clifford's Hume-like strictures simply did not accord with any conception of reasoning that was both real and usable; they excluded too much, were too procrustean and disclosed a philosophical insularity from the world of actual practice.
