ABSTRACT
This chapter compares similarities and differences among the six approaches, and focuses on the roles of transtemporal thinking, integrated knowledge, and the organization of governance to assess aspects that are consistent, complementary, or conflicting. The 'Ecosystem Approach' was first coined in the early 1980s, but was formally accepted at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, where it became a supporting concept of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The approach has been developed to include a toolbox based on a set of twelve principles, sometimes called the Malawi principles. Based on the view of social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems, Resilience Thinking applies the concept of social-ecological resilience as a lens to address and understand dynamics within a system. Inspired by the concept of reflexive modernity, reflexive governance refers to governance that involves reflection on the challenges, opportunities, and responsibilities it engenders.
