ABSTRACT
Today more than ever, federal, state, and local governments depend on technology
to provide greater efficiencies in collecting, validating, processing, analyzing, re-
porting, protecting, and storing data. As of late 2010, over $71 billion was being
spent per year in the United States by civilian federal agencies, as coordinated by
the nation’s first formally appointed chief information officer (CIO). When you add
defense and national security spending, the federal government spends well over
$200 billion on technology each year. Military and national defense agencies spend
billions more dealing with national security issues at the highest levels. The Penta-
gon has reported that it receives thousands of security probes and intrusions into
its many data networks every single day; if left unprotected,
these breaches could lead to serious violations of national
security. It is no small wonder that the U.S. Air Force mod-
ified its mission several years ago to read “ . . . to fly and
win in the air, space and cyberspace” (emphasis added).
