ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on how leaders decide what is most important to accomplish with their scarce time and resources. It addresses the demanding constraints leaders face. Subordinate effort focuses on individual motivation, while cooperation and cohesiveness focus on motivation at the group and organizational levels. External coordination and adaptability describe the degree to which the organization is aligned with its constituents-legislators, clients, suppliers, and so forth-and adapts to changing circumstances. Goals should be explicit, specific, and have concrete timelines; they should be challenging but realistic; they should be related to all important aspects of the organization's performance; and leaders should be sure to consult widely in setting goals and to communicate them afterward. Role clarity is easiest when jobs are simple, routines are stable, individual roles do not overlap, and elaborate rules set worker protocols. Organizational culture and attitudes have a major effect on the use of creativity and the amount of innovation that occurs.
