ABSTRACT
The learning and developmental disorders generally begin during childhood and have a range of symptoms that are likely to vary from child to child, and in severity. Stuttering or persistent developmental stuttering, PDS, is the interruption to normal fluent speech by the reiteration of single sounds or word syllables, or by prolonged delays. Intellectual disability is characterised by a below-average intellectual ability involving cognitive deficits over a wide range of skills. Intellectual disability may cause varying degrees of language development problems, various motor deficits causing movement problems, weak academic performance, and poor social skills. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with increased activity of a loop consisting of the orbitofrontal cortex, the cingulate gyrus, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the thalamus. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of developmental disorders so called because affected children appear to withdraw from normal social interactions, including parental relations, and prefer their own company in isolation.
