ABSTRACT
What went wrong? The ever more promising trajectory of deep cosmopolitanism went awry in modernity. This chapter touches on the implications of industrial society, European colonialism, and other disruptions to traditional assumptions and the parity of of civilisations. It presents a challenging perspective on the rise of modern racism in relation to the collapse of the old civilisations. And it suggests key turning points even as late as the early twentieth century when history could have gone in a very different direction.
