ABSTRACT
Logic studies reasoning and epistemology studies knowledge. De re knowledge is knowledge of things. Friedrich Nietzsche believes that the linguistic and conceptual requirements for synchronic and diachronic identity are probably required for any thinking at all. Theories of de dicto knowledge vary according to how justification gets articulated. Nietzsche is anything but a fanatical supporter of logic or the traditional epistemological project. The Nachlass contains numerous passages asserting the ineliminable falsifications produced by logic. Nietzsche's criticisms of logic are so strongly worded that some think he advocates rejecting it completely. In Human, All Too Human, Nietzsche announces that "logic rests on assumptions that do not correspond to anything in the real world, example on the assumption of the equality of things, the identity of the same thing at different points in time". In Twilight of the Idols, we find a related view: science of formulae sign-systems: such as logic and that applied logic, mathematics.
