ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the relevance of the theories of Freud and Marx to morality. Freud and Marx argues that causes and morality are the product either of our social class or of our childhood conditioning. Freud's theory for dishonest are introjected, that the nagging of conscience is the forbidding voice of the father, seems no more than an elaboration of the obvious. The theory becomes much less obvious if it is thought to apply to moral standards; for by morality, as distinct from tradition or custom. The wrongness of breaking promises is unaffected by the fact that our feeling of guilt about breaking them have causes. Marx thought, that the Puritan gave religious reasons for adopting the virtues of thrift, hard work, enterprise, and respect for property. Freud and Marx aims to led people to think that if causes can be found for their actions, then their responsibility for them is diminished.
