ABSTRACT
This chapter provides an introduction to validity, one that is used as a framework for the remainder of the book. Much of that validation can be established up front, through good item writing and test design and the alignment of test content to instructional learning objectives. After describing the role of validity, the chapter lays out a simple structure to draw attention to the purpose of assessment. It presents common purposes of testing, with attention to potential uses of test results. A key to successful teaching and learning is understanding the connection between the content of the course, the learning objectives, and the background and preparation of students, including the recognition of the ways of knowing and ways of doing in the field and among the students. The chapter also notes how this relates to grading and provide some research-based thoughts on grading. Finally, it reviews common methods of testing—as context for thinking about test design and item writing.
