ABSTRACT
Between 1998 and 2008, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) heard a trio of cases on the application of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR),2 in the context of the arrest, trial and sentencing of foreign nationals by the US: the Breard case brought in 1998 by Paraguay,3
the LaGrand case brought in 1999 by Germany,4 and the Avena case brought in 2003 by Mexico.5
