ABSTRACT
New York City in the 1950s was defined by its numerous small factories, warehouses, and shipping, with “finger piers” jutting into the Hudson River from Manhattan. By the twenty-first century, the gritty industrial nature of large sections of New York had disappeared, giving way to a “new city” of internationally connected corporate offices and soaring office towers. Entertainment centers sprouted up on former manufacturing sites. New York was no longer the manufacturing center of old; instead, the city had become a hub of global corporate headquarters, banking, financial services, information technology, digital and other “new media” firms, and entertainment activities.
