ABSTRACT
Over the course of the military actions, there were constant evidence of the traffic in Vietnamese women and children to China. According to military reports published in the newspapers, the area of Long So'n was the site of regular commerce of contraband between China and Tonkin. Chinese military support was often an integral element of the Chinese Tributary System. In addition to the scope and the principal locations of the trade in humans, newspaper accounts provided information as to the means and methods used by kidnappers. The military, French colonial administrators and colons as well, appeared to agree that the problem of human trafficking in Vietnam was caused primarily by the Chinese. The end of the Pacification Campaigns in Tonkin did not result in an end to the trade in Vietnamese women and children. L'Avenir du Tonkin reported in 1909 that French troops, alerted by a colon, were despatched to Lang Bien where 'Chinese pirates' burned and pillaged the village.
