ABSTRACT
The power of American modernist writing eventually sent historians and critics back to reconsidering the definition of America itself. To place African American language, music and literature within what Marcus Klein calls the "foreign" is to make the "; outsider group much larger than some earlier observers have recognized. First known for her political essays, Emma Goldman was also a Lithuanian Jew who immigrated to the United States in 1885 and worked in a Rochester, New York, garment factory. Johnson's approach in The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man is to reach the underbelly of that African American sensibility. Latino-a culture had its spokesperson in Jose Marti; Native American culture privileged the writing of Mary Austin and Gertrude Bonnin, who wrote under her tribal name of Zitkala-Sa. Emma Goldman's Mother Earth was one of the first to be formed and funded; the Masses was one of the longest-lasting.
