ABSTRACT
The sea is an important medium for conduct of international relations and has shaped the historical and contemporary maritime discourse based on two drivers, i.e. economics and security. In former times, the seas linked the diff erent trading systems of the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Jews, Arabs, Indians, and Chinese. In contemporary times, the seas have connected the economies in the Asia-Pacifi c, Europe, and North and South America through a complex network of free trading arrangements and agreement. In the security domain, there is historical evidence of states dispatching ships to distant waters to protect trade and to dominate regional aff airs, an objective that continues to date. Likewise, the signifi cance of the oceans in the strategic calculus of states is growing and navies are engaged across the globe to protect sea lanes that serve as the umbilical cord of the respective economies. Further, these forces safeguard national interests and support alliance and partnership commitments. The naval and maritime forces are usually forward-deployed through a multitude of bilateral and multilateral access and basing agreements, over-fl ight rights, naval engagements that pivot around military exercises, logistical support, and infrastructure developments. This analysis begins by defi ning maritime security order and examines the likely challenges for the U.S.-led maritime security order from states, non-state actors, stakeholders, multilateral structures and the responses from the Asian powers.
