Influence

While it is certain that there was demand for the Spanish translation of the TSM, it is also true that the translation has influenced Spanish-speaking societies. Over the first decade of the twenty-first century, three different centres of Smithian thinking have been created in Spanish speaking countries. The first is Madrid, where there has been a long tradition of liberal economic

historians with utilitarian and liberal ideas. This tradition revolves around the teachings of Pedro Schwartz from Madrid Complutense University, who, after having studied at the London School of Economics, wrote a doctoral dissertation, tutored by Lionel Robbins, called “Aspects of the Theory of Economic and Social Policy in theWorks of John Stuart Mill”. Schwartz has published articles onAdam Smith’s morality and influence in Spain (see Schwartz 1978, 1990, 1992, 2000, 2001). He has founded three “think tanks” in Spain, the Instituto de Economía de Mercado, the Centro de Economía Liberal-Conservador and the Instituto de Estudios de Libre Comercio. He is also President of Honour of the Sociedad Ibéroamericana de Estudios Utilitaristas. This society studies utilitarian ethics and carries out research in ACoruña (northwest of Spain), where there are scholars of Smith’s moral theory (see Pena and Sánchez Santos 2006, 2007). Madrid is also home to Carlos Rodríguez Braun, an economist born in Argentina and the aforementioned translator of Smith’s books, who has had a long career as a proponent of liberal economic and moral theory. He has run a course on Adam Smith ethics at the Complutense University of Madrid and at the Universidad CatólicaArgentina in Buenos Aires. He has also published on Smithian theory and influence (see Rodríguez Braun 1984, 1989, 1992, 1997, 2006). John Reeder, the editor of Contemporary Responses to TMS (Reeder 1997) also lectures at this university, as does Luis Perdices, who has studied the influence of classical economists on Spanish economists (see Perdices and Fuentes 1997, Perdices 2000a, 2000b, Perdices and Reeder 2003, 2010). In this context, Estrella Trincado presented a doctoral dissertation onAdam Smith which constituted a criticism of the extended idea that Smith was a utilitarian (see Trincado 2003a and 2011); that dissertation was the basis for an article which led to her being awarded the History of Economic Analysis Award 2005 by the European Society for the History of Economic Thought (Trincado 2004). She has also published about Adam Smith ethics and economics (Trincado 2001, 2003b, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009). Also in Madrid, Rey Juan Carlos University has an active group of people spreading the word about liberalism. There, the Instituto Juan de Mariana, founded in 2005, disseminates classical economics and has Gabriel Calzada as its president. It also publishes a journal, Procesos de Mercado. Revista Europea de Economía Política, edited by the liberal publishing house Unión Editorial (created in 1973 and with Promoción Exportación y Márketing Editorial as a wholesaler in Argentina) and directed by the Austrian school economist Jesús Huerta de Soto. The second centre of Smithian thinking is the University of Navarre, a privately

owned university in the north of Spain, linked to the Catholic Church, which has a research group based aroundMiguelAlfonso Martínez-Echevarría (see MartínezEchevarría 2004). There, the Instituto Empresa y Humanismo, founded in 1986,

publishes a series of journals, such as Revista Empresa y Humanismo and Cuadernos de Empresa y Humanismo, with contributions from scholars such as Lázaro Cantero (2001), Scalzo (2009) or Carrión (2008). Finally, a third centre of Smithian thinking exists in LatinAmerica, particularly

in Guatemala, Chile and Argentina. In Argentina, the Centro Adam Smith de Estudios yActividades para la Libertad, which belongs to the Fundación Libertad, was founded and they now publish the electronic journal Orden Espontáneo. The Francisco Marroquín University in Guatemala actively promotes debate onAdam Smith and liberalism; there, Leonidas Montes, and even Gabriel Calzada and Carlos Rodríguez Braun themselves, have disseminated Smithian economics and morals. Leon Montes is dean of the Adolfo Ibáñez University in Chile and has published an important body of work relating to Smith; he published the influential Adam Smith in Context (Montes 2004a) and edited New Voices of Adam Smith (Montes and Schliesser 2006a) and also published widely (Montes 2003a, 2003b, 2004b,c, 2006a,b,c,d 2008a,b,c, 2009). He is an advisor for the journal Estudios Públicos, to which three more Spanish-speaking academics have contributed articles on Adam Smith: Jimena Hurtado-Prieto, lecturer at the University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (see also Hurtado-Prieto 2003a,b, 2004, 2005, 2006a,b,c); MaríaAlejandra Carrasco and María Elton, lecturers in Chile and with PhDs from the University of Navarre (see Carrasco 2004, 2006, 2009 and Elton 1989, 2006, 2009). As we see, most of Smithian works in Spain have been published after the

publication of the TSM translation in 1997; since then, not only has the book been demanded but it has also created a supply of Smithian ideas.