ABSTRACT
Comparative color vision has had a rich, positive impact on basic issues in the philosophy of color and philosophy of perception. Manipulation is a well-tested and tangible source for knowledge about color (in)compatibilities. Manipulation changes human colors primarily because it changes the way objects reflect light. The uses of color vision across species have some broad, uninformative commonalities and differences that contain important lessons about both humanons and nonhumans. Human colors are different from and do not overlap with pigeon colors, and so on for different pairs of species. Philosophers of color have emphasized the importance of "normal" systemic variations in human color perception, and new ground has recently been broken on people understanding of less "normal" variations like color blindness. While Pluralism places a significant constraint on color ontology, it nonetheless leaves many critical aspects of it underdetermined. The worry stemming from the structure of color typically proceeds by specifying various dimensions of colors and various relations between colors.
