ABSTRACT
This chapter argues that oppositional framework is necessary to a physical cultural studies (PCS). In fact, the stated aims of PCS actually make the field more transdisciplinary than interdisciplinary. However, in its neglect of hard sciences such as neurobiology that, along with many levels of culture, work together inextricably to inform human movement, PCS has remained more interdisciplinary than transdisciplinary. In distinction from interdisciplinary approaches, transdisciplinary approaches incorporate holistic principles. Unlike a transdisciplinary model, which has a multidimensional perspective at its very inception, in an interdisciplinary model, the research retains distinct disciplinary frameworks but seeks to integrate them. It uses design and methodology that requires the use of perspectives and skills of the involved disciplines throughout the research process. As this transformational direction suggests, the interaction effects between biological mechanisms and the cultural mechanisms that help give them shape offers a transdisciplinary standpoint crucial to the PCS mission.
