“The Negro Problems of Philadelphia,” “The Question of Earning a Living,” and “Color Prejudice”

This chapter concentrates on the relationship between social exclusion and space, exploring some of the frameworks which institute barriers to spatial practices. It describes the psychological damage spatial separation and social exclusion caused for immigrants from central and southern Europe in early twentieth-century Chicago. Space has, therefore, a major role in the integration or segregation of urban society. National borders are the largest means of socio-spatial exclusion. Global space is fragmented by national spaces, which have a tendency to deny difference and homogenize social groups. Revisiting spatial barriers and promoting accessibility and more spatial freedom can therefore be the way spatial planning can contribute to promoting social integration. Another form of socio-spatial exclusion, which is enforced with a rigour somewhat similar to the protection of national borders, is the separation between public and private territories. Most public council housing in England, provided by liberal governments as a necessity rather than a market commodity, has now been privatized.