ABSTRACT
Used by permission. 3 The Athens of Socrates. © by Dien-Jen Ru. Used by permission of the artist. 4 A walled medieval city: Carcassonne, France. Postcard ca, 1900. Public domain. 5 The nineteenth-century industrial city. Augustus Welby Pugin, Contrasts: Or A Parallel Between
the Noble Edifices of the Middle Ages and Corresponding Buildings of The Present Day, Shewing the Present Decay of Taste (London: Charles Dolman, 1841). Public domain.
