ABSTRACT
This chapter shows how, under pressure from rising immigration due to conflict and economic hardship outside Europe, European Union (EU) member states have shifted from a cosmopolitan approach ascribing universal human rights to new arrivals to a distinctly more communitarian approach, locating those rights in a settled community whose values need protection from an influx of too many 'others'. Europe's self-image depends on the idea of openness and tolerance, a haven for refugees and asylum seekers. European cosmopolitanism has been ascribed to its mix of diversity, preserved through multiculturalism and equality before the law, which grants the same rights to everyone who follows certain legal and social rules. The Schengen Agreement is a way of institutionalizing some goals so that every member of the European Community (EC), as it was then, and subsequently the EU who had European citizenship could move freely among member states.
