ABSTRACT
Cosmopolitanism can never be coterminous with human rights, many conceptions of which regard them as differentiable across communities – being constituted through the human interaction within community and/or in some way conditional on obligations performed through membership of community. Internal and external security, although among the original provisions expected from governments and judiciaries, have risen up the political agenda again since the brief burst of peace-dividend optimism at the end of the Cold War. The development has made the (re)growth of 'securitization' major source of changes in political rules and social attitudes that disturb the uniformity of treatment that cosmopolitans expect. In the post–Cold War period, many of the major political conflicts revolve around Middle East and Muslim countries. The securitization of minority communities in Europe and the US, of whom Muslims have become the major target since 1990, reflects fear of Islam and its followers which can easily lead majority populations to regard them as special security risk.
