ABSTRACT
Human rights have been tightly bound with national citizenship, with non-citizens being excluded and thus cast as non-human. National identity is continually in a state of flux and, as such, offers opportunities for creative reconstruction for Muslim minorities in parallel with greater forms of governing. Nash's analysis enhances the concept of cosmopolitan citizenship by acknowledging differential access to economic resources which are critical to the mobilization of cosmopolitan justice. The war on terror has triggered a downgrading of human rights, including the erosion of absolute rights, such as universal prohibition on torture and the right to a fair trial. Crucially, the narrative of 'Islamic terrorism' has risen to the top of the global political agenda. The governance of peoples around the world has always rested and continues to rest on risk management which involves classifying those who are governed as a threat to security and civilization.
