ABSTRACT

In investigating crime, it is normal for investigators to consider issues such as modus operandi, but seldom do they consider the business model used by criminals, or aspects of the supply-chain management of the criminal venture. However, it is apparent that both farmers as criminals and rural organised crime groups are involved in food fraud. The entrepreneurial farmer need not only operate in a legal domain, and may engage in criminal acts as a form of illegal diversification in the form of unproductive and destructive criminal entrepreneurship. Much of the food certified as Halal comes from illegal slaughter and from other unfit sources of meat. The 'business model canvas' approach facilitates a more holistic view, and allows people to conceptualise and generate business models and methods used by criminal organisations involved in the supply and exploitation of food fraud.